WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen
Год выпуска: 2010Автор: World Health Organization
Жанр: Andrology
Формат: PDF
Качество: OCR
Описание: This publication was produced by the UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), WHO Department of Reproductive Health and Research (RHR).
«Examination and processing of human semen»
SEMEN ANALYSIS
- Standard procedures
- Introduction
- Sample collection
- Initial macroscopic examination
- Initial microscopic investigation
- Sperm motility
- Sperm vitality
- Sperm numbers
- Routine counting procedure
- Low sperm numbers: cryptozoospermia and suspected azoospermia
- When an accurate assessment of low sperm numbers is not required
- When an accurate assessment of low sperm numbers is required
- Counting of cells other than spermatozoa
- Sperm morphology
- Staining methods
- Examining the stained preparation
- Morphology plates
- Analysing a sperm morphology smear
- Assessment of leukocytes in semen
- Assessment of immature germ cells in semen
- Testing for antibody coating of spermatozoa
- Optional procedures
- Indices of multiple sperm defects
- Panleukocyte (CD45) immunocytochemical staining
- Interaction between spermatozoa and cervical mucus
- Biochemical assays for accessory sex organ function
- Computer-aided sperm analysis
- Research procedures
- Reactive oxygen species
- Human sperm-oocyte interaction tests
- Human zona pellucida binding tests
- Assessment of the acrosome reaction
- Zona-free hamster oocyte penetration test
- Assessment of sperm chromatin
SPERM PREPARATION
- Sperm preparation techniques
- Introduction
- General principles
- Simple washing
- Direct swim-up
- Discontinuous density gradients
- Preparing HIV-infected semen samples
- Preparing testicular and epididymal spermatozoa
- Preparing retrograde ejaculation samples
- Preparing assisted ejaculation samples
- Cryopreservation of spermatozoa
- Introduction
- Semen cryopreservation protocols
QUALITY ASSURANCE
- Quality assurance and quality control
- Controlling for quality in the andrology laboratory
- The nature of errors in semen analysis
- Minimizing statistical sampling error
- The quality assurance programme
- Laboratory procedures manual
- Internal quality control
- Statistical procedures for analysing and reporting within- and among-technician systematic errors
- QC for percentages
- Assessing Xbar and S charts
- Statistical procedures for analysing and reporting among-technician variability
- External quality control and quality assurance
- Frequency and priority of quality control
- Training
APPENDICES
- Reference values and semen nomenclature
- Equipment and safety
- Microscopy
- Stock solutions
- Cervical mucus
- Record forms for semen and cervical mucus analyses
- Sampling errors and quality control
- National external quality control programmes for semen analysis